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Gillette Timeline

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English (US)
Please cite sources wherever possible, preferring primary sources to secondary or tertiary ones. There is a discussion thread at http://badgerandblade.com/vb/showthread.php/294023-Gillette-Company-History-Geek-Out



1895

July
  • King Camp Gillette has the idea for a double-edge safety razor with a thin, disposable blade sandwiched between two plates.[1]

1899

August
  • King Camp Gillette applies for a patent on his design for a safety razor with disposable blades. In 1901 this patent was granted, then withdrawn in favor of a new application.[2]

1901

June
  • 28 The USA patent applied for in 1899 is granted. However the final fee is left unpaid and the patent is withdrawn in favor of a new application, which eventually became 775,134 and 775,135.[3]
September
  • 28 Incorporation as "American Safety Razor Company"[4] with King Camp Gillette as company president. The initial 50,000 shares represent $500,000 at $10 each. First offices are above a fish shop at 424 Atlantic Ave, Boston.[5] Initial stock distribution was roughly: K.C. Gillette 17,500; Stewart 4125; Heilborn 4125; Nickerson 4125; treasury 10,000; remaining 10,000 for sale in 20 blocks of 500 shares for $250 each, or $2 per share. This raises $5,000 for the company. [6] There are 125 shares missing from this account. The correct number for the director shares may be 4177, or possibly the director shares were not divided evenly.[7] At this time each block for sale represents 1% of the company. No person controls more than 35% of the shares, and board holds control with 60%. Early decisions could be carried by K.C. Gillette alone, with 58% of the voting shares.
December
  • 3 Filing date for the patent later divided into 775,134 and 775,135, superseding the 1899-1901 patent above.

1902

  • Company is close to bankruptcy when John J. Joyce invests $60,000. [8] The $5,000 has been spent, along with nearly $12,000 of borrowed money. K.C. Gillette has given away all but 6000 of his shares, and attempts to sell the 10,000 shares of treasury stock fail. Joyce agrees to buy $30,000-$100,000 in $5,000 company bonds paying 8%, at 60 cents per dollar, along with an equal amount of stock.[9] Joyce eventually invests $60,000. At the same time the company issues another 15,000 shares at $10 each, of which K.C. Gillette receives 3000 to compensate for foreign patent rights. The rest go to "others". [10] This brings K.C. Gillette to 9000 shares, or 14% of 65,000. Joyce probably holds 6000 shares (9%) but it is not clear what happened to the other 12,000 new shares.
  • Records for the State of Maine show $25 tax paid by "American Safety Razor Company". [11]
July
  • 15 Company renamed for Gillette. Around this time Nickerson has the first machine producing fully machine-sharpened blades, and the initial $5,000 operating cash has been spent.[12]
October
  • 6 Capital stock increased from $500,000 to $650,000 to accomodate investment from Joyce, who mortgages property to raise the cash.[13]
December
  • 2 Filing date for UK patent 28763.02.[14]
  • 10 Engineering work moves to larger premises at 394 Atlantic Ave, Boston MA.[15]
  • 31 Annual sales: nil.[16]

1903

  • Records for the State of Maine show $50 tax paid by "Gillette Safety Razor Company". [17]
January
  • 13 Meeting of company directors: Gillette, Heilborn, Sachs, Chadwick, and Nickerson. Agreement on terms of payment reached with Joyce.[18]
April
  • Second sharpening machine completed. Individual razors are being made for trial purposes.[19]
  • 29 Joyce elected to board, along with W.B. Holloway. Board decides to sell each dozen blades for $1 and to include a dozen blades with each set.[20]
May
  • 9 Board fixes price of razor set with 12 blades at $3, and $1 per dozen blades. Gillette, Joyce, and Heilborn form an executive committee to run day-to-day business. Sometime between this meeting and the first sales, Joyce persuaded the rest of the board to raise the price of the razor to $5. [21]
July
  • 2 Board meets to discuss outsourcing of sales and marketing to Townsend and Hunt, known as the Gillette Sales Co. until 1908. They are to take 500 sets before 1 November; 1500 before 1 December; 3000 before 1 January 1904; 5000 before 1 February 1904; total 50,000 sets over 15 months.[22]
  • 3 French patent FR327815 granted.[23]
October
  • First (only?) advertising by Townsend and Hunt.[24]
  • 15=UK patent 28763.02 granted.[25]
November
  • First advertising by Gillette Sales Company.[26]
December
  • 31 Annual sales: 51 razor sets and 14 packs of 12 blades (168 blades).[27] Note that Nickerson's digest of the July sales agreement suggests that this should be 1500 or 3000 sets, and Nickerson writes that they shipped nothing until January 1904.]

1904

  • In the Fall, purchase of factory building at 303 West First St (South), Boston.[28]
  • Records for the State of Maine show $50 tax paid by "Gillette Safety Razor Company". [29]
  • A report from 1914 claims 75,000 razors were marketed this year. [30]
January
  • Nickerson brings his holdings up to 6817 shares.[31]
  • 1 First 50 sets ship, presumably to Chicago. Any previous shipments were for trial purposes.[32]
  • 9 Meeting of the board with Gillette, Joyce, Holloway, Heilborn, and Nickerson present. Gillette resigns as president to leave for England, where he will be an agent for Crown Cork and Seal Co. Holloway becomes president.[33]
  • 27 King Camp Gillette leaves the USA for England, returning to Crown Cork as London sales manager. He resigned as company president, but remained on the board.[34]
  • 31 Total 1276 sets shipped this month. Early shipments use pasteboard boxes. Later shipments used tin boxes.[35]
February
  • 29 Total 1255 sets shipped this month.[36]
March
  • 18 Meeting of the board with Holloway, Joyce, Heilborn, and Nickerson attending. Present labor costs are 5 cents per blade, or 60% of retail price. Nickerson projects output improvement of 150% by April, and 75% "later on".[37]
  • 31 Total 1595 sets shipped this month.[38]
April
  • 30 Total 2920 sets shipped this month.[39]
May
  • 24 1901 USA patent application divided into two applications, which became 775,134 and 775,135.
  • 31 Total 3300 sets shipped this month.[40]
June
  • 17 Meeting of the board with treasurer reporting that company must to ship 1250 sets per week to meet expenses.[41] This would be about 250 sets per working day, or about 5500 per month.
  • 22 Meeting of the board results in a letter sent to stockholders, informing them that the company owes more than its liquid assets.[42]
  • 30 Total 6265 sets shipped this month.[43]
July
  • King Camp Gillette returns from England to stop the sale of foreign patent rights, arriving in Boston ten days later. He rejoins the company as vice-president, with salary. He then sells 4000 of his personal 9000 shares to former colleagues at Crown Cork for $80,000, leaving him with 5000 of the then-total 65,000 shares. He uses at most $20,000 of this money to buy another 9000 shares. John J. Joyce is also increasing his holdings around this time.[44]
  • 11 Edward J. Stewart sells 3167 of his 4177 shares to Heilborn for $1 per share. This results in a 1906-1910 suit for fraud by Stewart.[45][46]
  • 29 Meeting of the board results in a letter sent to stockholders, asking them to return half of their stock to the treasury to be resold for at least 75 cents per share. No shareholders are believed to have responded.[47]
  • 31 Total 6519 sets shipped this month.[48]
August
  • 31 Total 9661 sets shipped this month.[49]
November
December
  • 31 Annual sales 91,000 razors and 10,000 dozen blades (120,000).[50] Serial numbers did not begin until midway through the year, and Gillette estimates that approximately 55,000 were produced without serial numbers. This annual figure implies 58,000 sets in the last four months of 1904, averaging 14,500 sets per month. Possibly sales outpaced shipments.

1905

  • Company offices on Tremont St, Boston.[51]
  • Late in the year, probably October,[52] A.A. Bittues establishes Paris plant.[53] This space at 24 Rue Cauchy, shared with the American Saddle Company, was the first overseas plant. It existed largely to validate the French patent. Subsequently, a court ruled that the factory was not a serious investment, and Gillette closed the plant.[54]
February
  • London office established, but no factory yet.[55] This was probably at 20 The Minories, in the 2nd and 3rd floors of a warehouse.[56]
April
  • A.A. Bittues joins the Gillette company.[57]
  • 1 Production begins in the new factory at 303 West First St, South Boston. The machine shop remains on Atlantic Ave.[58]
May
  • Gillette Sales Co. advertises "168,141 satisfied users to Jan. 1 '05, our first year on the market" with offices at 1102 Times Building, Times Sq., New York, NY. [59]
October
  • Gillette Sales Co. advertises "Over 200,000 Now in Use" with offices at 1102 Times Building, 42nd and Broadway, New York, NY. [60]

1906

  • "Offices were opened in Germany and other countries in Europe, Asia, South Africa, Australia, and South America. Also a factory was established in France to supply the demand there for the Gillette Safety Razor and Blades." The German office was probably in Berlin, and the French office in Paris. The first Montreal factory also opened.[61]
  • K.C. Gillette repurchases one of the original blocks of 500 shares for $62,500 using borrowed money.[62] This appears to be part of the Gillette Securities scandal, with K.C. Gillette and Holloway acquiring stock in the company to counter Joyce and Curran.[63]
April
  • First Canadian factory established at 34 St Antoine Street, Montreal.[64][65]
October
  • Gillette Sales Co. advertises with offices at 202 Times Building, New York, NY. [66]

1907

  • The decision to build the first factory in England.[67] This factory was to supply razors and blades to "Continental Europe, the British Isles, and the Crown Colonies".[56]
    |event=Public directory of companies lists: "GILLETTE SAFETY RAZOR COMPANY, 41 West First Street, South Boston. Incorporated under the laws of Maine. Annual meeting in October. Capital stock authorized and issued $650,000. President, John Joyce; Vice President, K.C. Gillette; Treasurer and Clerk, W.B. Holloway; Directors, the above and M.J. Curran (Andover, Mass.), Jacob Heilborn." [68]
  • The Boston machine shop moves to the First St factory from Atlantic Ave, ceasing the last use of the old factory.[69]
January
  • 3 Factory at 34 St Antoine Street, Montreal making "35 razors a day, and 60 or 70 dozens of blades" shortly before it is destroyed by fire.[70]
  • 4 Montreal production moved to third floor of 622 St Paul Street. Sometime later the factory moved to the first floor of 63 St Alexander Street.[71][72]

1908

  • The public directory of companies lists: "GILLETTE SAFETY RAZOR COMPANY, 41 West First Street, South Boston. Incorporated under laws of Maine. Capital stock authorized and issued $650,000. President, K.C. Gillette; Vice President, John Joyce; Treasurer, W.B. Holloway; Clerk, W.M. Bradley; Directors: above, except Clerk, and T.W. Pelham, C.A. Gaines, W.E. Nickerson, J.G. Rothe." [73]
March
  • By the end of the month a seven years' lease was negotiated for the Gordon Works in North Evington, Leicester. [74][75]
April
  • 30 Company letterhead lists "King C. Gillette, Pres't; John Joyce, Vice Pres't; W.B. Holloway, Sec'y & Treas." with cable address "NOSTROP". Offices and factories: New York, Boston, Montreal, London, Berlin, Paris.[76]
May
  • 16 First use of diamond logo, according to trademark registration.[77]
August
  • Gillette company reported to be "in occupation of works at Leicester" by 15 August.[78]
September
  • UK company formed, as "Gillette Safety Razor, Ltd" with offices at 17 Holborn Viaduct.[79] The new company was registered on 29 September.[80]
  • 1 Diamond logo in use for blade advertisements by this date. Advertisements for sets continue to use the script logo through Christmas.[81]
October
  • Joyce and King Camp Gillette return to the USA on a ship sailing from Liverpool to New York City. They had probably visited the London office and the Leicester factory.[82]
  • Montreal factory moved to 63 St. Alexander Street "some time previously" and is producing 250-300 dozen blades daily.[83]
December
  • Advertising lists factories in "Boston, London, Berlin, Paris, Montreal".[84][85]

1909

  • New factory in Leicester, England in operation early in the year.[86]
  • Approximate date for German office of "Gillette Safety Razor Company, GmbH" at Grosse Frankfurterstr. 137 in Berlin.[87] Around this time there was a short-lived manufacturing operation in Germany, but it was closed and its equipment added to the Leicester plant.[56]
June
  • Montreal producing "first real large orders... for the Pocket Edition Sets". Shortage of skilled buffers and platers results in production of plain cases.[88]

November
  • Company purchases land in Newark, NJ and begins planning for new factory buildings. [89]

1910

  • John J. Joyce buys stock from K.C. Gillette and others, taking firm control of the company until his own retirement in 1916.[90]

1911

  • Gillette Building completed in San Francisco at Market and Ellis streets, at a cost of $500,000.[91]
  • Probably late in the year, London office moves from 17 Holborn Viaduct to larger premises at 40/44 Holborn Viaduct.[92][56]

1912

  • Early in the year, Montreal production moves to new fireproof factory at 73 St Alexander Street, costing either $300,000 or $400,000. Initially the factory occupies only basement and ground floor, leasing out the other four floors.[93][94][95]
  • Combined gross sales of USA, UK, and Canada companies about $29.8M, earnings $1.16M, for a margin of just 4%. Total razor sales were about 600,000. [96]
May
  • 21 USA, Canada, and UK companies reincorporated as Massachusetts companies.[97][98][99]

1913

  • Combined gross sales of USA, UK, and Canada companies up 23.5% from 1912, for about $36.8M. Earnings were up 18.7% to $1.37M, for a margin of just 3.7%. Total razor sales were about 650,000 up 50,000 from 1912, or about 7.7%. The UK factory is reported to be "nearly as big as the Boston plant", and the Montreal factory to have contributed about $50,000 to earnings. [100]
July
  • Joyce and King Camp Gillette return to the USA on a ship sailing from Liverpool to New York City.[101]

1915


May
  • Pelham visits Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), Russia. By the time he leaves in July Petrograd has a local sales office.[102]
August
  • Decision to cease production in Leicester, due to difficulty obtaining "labor and supplies to manufacture our goods".[56] The UK subsidiary "Gillette Safety Razor Co., Ltd." ceases to do business.[103] Its assets are taken over by a new company called "Gillette Safety Razor Limited", which will import razors and blades made in the USA and Canada. UK market supplied from Canada and USA until 1920, when Slough factory is established.[56][104]
October
  • The new UK sales company "Gillette Safety Razor Limited" opens offices at 200 Great Portland St, London.[80]

1916

January
  • Leicester offices and plant disposed of.[80]

1917


September
  • 10 Reincorporated as a Delaware company.[105]

1919

  • Worldwide expansion, with new "branch offices or branch companies... in Copenhagen, Madrid, Milan, Constantinople, Calcutta, Sydney, Brussels, Geneva, Buenos Aires, Singapore, Shanghai, and Tokio[sic]".[106]
March
  • Annual report for 1918 discloses the Canadian subsidiary sold 204,814 razor sets in 1918, a "292% increase" over 1917.[107]
September
  • Montreal plant advertises that it makes Gillette safety razors and ships them to "New Zealand, Tasmania, Australia, British East Indies, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Straits Settlements, Burmah[sic], Ceylon, Calcutta, Bombay, British East Africa, British West Africa, British Guiana, Barbados, Jamaica, Bahamas".[108]

1920

  • Factory established in Slough, England.[109]

References

  1. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, February 1918, Vol. I, No. 4, p6.
  2. ^Patent and Trademark Review, vol. 9-11, p. 3589.
  3. ^Patent and Trademark Review, vol. 9-11, p. 3589.
  4. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, December 1918, Vol. II, No. 2, p9. Nickerson says 26 September, but the 28th seems to be the accepted date.
  5. ^McKibben, Gordon. Cutting Edge: Gillette's Journey to Global Leadership, p11.
  6. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, February 1918, Vol. I, No. 4, p9.
  7. ^The Northeastern reporter, Vol. 87, p614.
  8. ^McKibben, Gordon. Cutting Edge: Gillette's Journey to Global Leadership, p3.
  9. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, February 1918, Vol. I, No. 4, p10-12.
  10. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, March 1918, Vol. I, No. 5, pp7.
  11. ^Annual report of the Board of the State Assessors, 1902, p207.
  12. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, December 1918, Vol. II, No. 2, p12.
  13. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, December 1918, Vol. II, No. 2, p13.
  14. ^GB190228763 (via Espacenet).
  15. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p6.
  16. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, February 1918, Vol. I, No. 4, p10.
  17. ^Annual report of the Board of the State Assessors, 1903, p222.
  18. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p7.
  19. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, pp7-8.
  20. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p8.
  21. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p8.
  22. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p9.
  23. ^FR327815 (via Espacenet).
  24. ^System, October 1903, Vol. 4, No. 6, p.299
  25. ^GB190228763 (via Espacenet).
  26. ^System, November 1903, Vol. 4, No. 7, p.359
  27. ^Picker, Randall C. The Razors-and-Blades Myth(s). (September 13, 2010). U of Chicago Law & Economics, Olin Working Paper No. 532.
  28. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, March 1918, Vol. I, No. 5, pp8-11.
  29. ^Annual report of the Board of the State Assessors, 1904, p252.
  30. ^Printers' Ink, A Journal For Advertisers, Vol. 86, No. 6, 5 Feb 1914, p78.
  31. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  32. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  33. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  34. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, March 1918, Vol. I, No. 5, p7.
  35. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  36. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  37. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, pp11-12.
  38. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  39. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  40. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  41. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p12.
  42. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p13.
  43. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  44. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, March 1918, Vol. I, No. 5, pp7-8.
  45. ^The Northeastern reporter, Vol. 87, p614.
  46. ^Massachusetts reports: cases argued and determined in the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts, Vol. 205, p371.
  47. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p13.
  48. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  49. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p11.
  50. ^Picker, Randall C. The Razors-and-Blades Myth(s). (September 13, 2010). U of Chicago Law & Economics, Olin Working Paper No. 532.
  51. ^Bittues, A.A. Gillette Blade, January 1918, Vol. I, No. 3, p21.
  52. ^Flanagan, P.T. Gillette Blade Canada, July 1918, p5
  53. ^Bittues, A.A. Gillette Blade, January 1918, Vol. I, No. 3, p21.
  54. ^Adams, Russell B. Gillette, The Man and His Wonderful Shaving Device, p67.
  55. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, March 1918, Vol. I, No. 5, p12.
  56. ^ a b c d e fMarshall, W.E. Gillette Blade, 1919, p18-20.
  57. ^Foy, Eversley. Gillette Blade Canada, July 1918, p14.
  58. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p13.
  59. ^Everybody's Magazine, May 1905. Credit: Achim.
  60. ^Unknown advertisement, dated to October 1905. Credit: Achim.
  61. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, March 1918, Vol. I, No. 5, p12.
  62. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, February 1918, Vol. I, No. 4, p9.
  63. ^US Congress, Nomination of Louis D. Brandeis, 1916.
  64. ^Flanagan, P.T. Gillette Blade Canadian Edition, July 1918, p6.
  65. ^Bittues, A.A. Gillette Blade, January 1918, Vol. I, No. 3, p21.
  66. ^Everybody's Magazine, October 1906. Credit: Achim.
  67. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, March 1918, Vol. I, No. 5, p12.
  68. ^The Bankers Service Co., The Directory of directors in the city of Boston and vicinity, 3rd Ed., 1907.
  69. ^Nickerson, William E. Gillette Blade, January 1919, Vol. II, No. 3, p13.
  70. ^Flanagan, P.T. Gillette Blade Canadian Edition, July 1918, p6. The mention of 1906 in one picture caption appears to be a typo.
  71. ^Bittues, A.A. Gillette Blade, January 1918, Vol. I, No. 3, p22.
  72. ^Flanagan, P.T. Gillette Blade Canadian Edition, July 1918, p7.
  73. ^The Bankers Service Co., The Directory of directors in the city of Boston and vicinity, 4th Ed., 1908.
  74. ^Pittsburgh Press, 1908-04-01, p8.
  75. ^Liberal Magazine, volume 16. Dated 1909 but probably printed sometime in 1908.
  76. ^Letter to Mr. Harry W. Reinhart of Scranton PA, dated 30 April 1908. Credit: Achim.
  77. ^USA trademark registration 71034984, filed 27 May 1908.
  78. ^Monthly Notes on Tariff Reform, vol. 9, p300.
  79. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, March 1918, Vol. I, No. 5, p12.
  80. ^ a b cAnalytical Digest of Cases Published in the Law Journal Reports, vol. 89, Gillette Safety Razor, Lim. v. Inland Revenue Commissioners, pp. 1194-96. 1920.
  81. ^Advertisement for "New Process" Gillette blades, dated September 1st 1908. Credit: Achim.
  82. ^Passenger manifest available at http://badgerandblade.com/vb/showthread.php/294023-Gillette-Company-History-Geek-Out?p=6296157#post6296157
  83. ^Peterson, Neil P. Gillette Blade Canadian Edition, July 1918, pp30-31.
  84. ^The American Review of Reviews, Edited by Albert Shaw. December 1908, p147.
  85. ^The Saturday Evening Post, Curtis Publishing Company. December 5, 1908, p48.
  86. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, March 1918, Vol. I, No. 5, p12.
  87. ^Gillette advert. from mr-razor.com site.
  88. ^Peterson, Neil P. Gillette Blade Canadian Edition, July 1918, p31.
  89. ^Brass World and Platers' Guide, November 1911. Vol. 5, No. 11, p415.
  90. ^McKibben, Gordon. Cutting Edge: Gillette's Journey to Global Leadership, p3.
  91. ^Gillette Blade, June 1919, Vol. II, No. 8, p13.
  92. ^American Chamber of Commerce for the Levant, Levant Trade Review, Volumes 1-4, p. xxii. November 1911.
  93. ^Gillette, King Camp. Gillette Blade, March 1918, Vol. I, No. 5, pp12-13.
  94. ^Flanagan, P.T. Gillette Blade Canadian Edition, July 1918, p8. The $400,000 figure seems to come from the Canadian management and may be more reliable.
  95. ^Peterson, Neil P. Gillette Blade Canadian Edition, July 1918, p31.
  96. ^Printers' Ink, A Journal For Advertisers, Vol. 86, No. 6, 5 Feb 1914, p78.
  97. ^New England investments, Richardson, Hill & Co, 1919, p87.
  98. ^Moody's manual of investments, American and foreign, 8th Ed., 1917, p990.
  99. ^Poor's Manual of Industrials, Poor's Railroad Manual Co, 1916, pp512-514.
  100. ^Printers' Ink, A Journal For Advertisers, Vol. 86, No. 6, 5 Feb 1914, p78.
  101. ^Passenger manifest available at http://badgerandblade.com/vb/showthread.php/294023-Gillette-Company-History-Geek-Out?p=6296158#post6296158
  102. ^Gillette Blade, 1918-02, Vol. I, No. 4, p14.
  103. ^Poor's Manual of Industrials, Poor's Railroad Manual Co, 1916, p513.
  104. ^See also the change in advertising from 1915 to 1916, dropping any mention of Leicester and the phrase "British Made". In 1938 Chemist and druggist: the newsweekly for pharmacy, Vol. 128, p342 (snippet view only) wrote that Leicester closed in 1912, but this probably refers to a company reorganization not the actual end of manufacturing. See also discussion at http://badgerandblade.com/vb/showthread.php/348522-Gillette-pocket-edition?p=5163593#post5163593.
  105. ^New England investments, Richardson, Hill & Co, 1919, p87.
  106. ^The Commercial and Financial Chronicle, Volume 110, Part 1, p773.
  107. ^Commercial and Financial Chronicle, Volume 108, Part 1, p1294. Contains complete text.
  108. ^Pacific Ports, Frank Waterhouse, September 1919, p132.
  109. ^Magistrates Cases, vol. 89, p1196 (1920, snippet view).

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